Has globalisation helped or hurt developing countries?
Side one
It lifted millions
Trade and investment brought jobs, technology and falling poverty, including in India after 1991.
Adam Smith: Markets and Sympathy · Factfulness · Enlightenment NowSide two
Gains were uneven
Workers in weak sectors lost out, inequality rose and countries lost policy space.
Marx: Class and Labour · Amartya Sen: Development as Freedom · Ela Bhatt: Organising Informal WorkersCommon ground
Both agree trade affects living standards strongly.
How to reconcile them
Stay open while protecting the vulnerable with skills, social security and smart industrial policy.
When each side is right
Use the positive case for growth and poverty data. Use the critical case for inequality and informal workers.
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