On Bullshit: 8 key ideas
The core ideas of On Bullshit, each in under a minute, written in our own words. Want the full depth? Get the book.
- IDEA 1 OF 8
Bullshit is everywhere but misunderstood
Frankfurt observes that bullshit is one of the most common features of modern culture, yet we rarely think carefully about what it is.
His short essay tries to define it clearly.
- IDEA 2 OF 8
Liars care about truth
Frankfurt argues that a liar knows the truth and deliberately says something false to hide it.
In this sense, the liar still pays attention to truth, even while trying to deceive.
- IDEA 3 OF 8
Bullshitters don't care about truth
The bullshitter, by contrast, does not care whether what they say is true or false.
Their aim is to create an impression or achieve a goal, and truth is simply irrelevant to them.
- IDEA 4 OF 8
Bullshit is related to humbug
Frankfurt discusses the idea of humbug, pretentious and misleading talk that falls short of lying.
He sees it as close to bullshit. Both aim to impress rather than inform. Show replaces substance.
- IDEA 5 OF 8
A story about Wittgenstein
Frankfurt recounts an anecdote in which the philosopher Wittgenstein objected to a friend's casual remark about feeling like a sick dog.
Wittgenstein thought she was speaking carelessly, without regard for truth.
- IDEA 6 OF 8
Bullshit is more dangerous than lies
Frankfurt argues that bullshit is a greater enemy of truth than lies are.
Because bullshitters ignore truth, they weaken our respect for it. A society that tolerates it slowly loses its grip on facts.
- IDEA 7 OF 8
Modern life encourages bullshit
Frankfurt suggests that bullshit spreads when people feel pressure to speak about topics they know little about.
Public life often rewards confident talk over careful truth. Opinions on everything are expected of public figures.
- IDEA 8 OF 8
Sincerity is not enough
Frankfurt criticises the idea that being sincere, true to oneself, replaces caring about facts.
Without concern for truth, sincerity can become another form of bullshit. Honesty requires caring about how things really are.
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